We have to understand how the caste system used to work in the background first before come to any conclusion. There are many verses in Hindu scriptures where Dalit caste are shown in bad light and Brahmin caste is shown in good light but there are also many verses where Brahmins are also shown in bad light. We have to understand the opposing verses in our scriptures to understand the whole Vedic body of knowledge and then come to a conclusion. First read these verses from different Hindu scriptures to know who is a Brahmin, who is a Dalit and why the caste system initially started:
Skanda Purana Vol.18 Book VI , Nagar Kanda , Chapter 239 , Verse 31-34
जन्मना जायते शूद्रः संस्कारात् द्विज उच्यते |
वेद–पाठात् भवेत् विप्रः ब्रह्म जानाती ब्राह्मणः |
Janmana jayate sudrah, samskarat dwij uchchte,…Veda pathnat bhavet viprah, brahma janati brahmanah
Meaning: “By birth, every man is a Shudra (an ignorant person). Through various types of disciplines (samskaras which are both internally and externally), he becomes dvija (twice born). Through the studies of Veda, he becomes a vipra (or a wise man). Through realization of supreme spirit (brahmajnana or about the God and His connection with this universe), he becomes a Brahmin.”
Comment: This means that the Brahmin is a title given.
The Vasistha Dharmasutra (one of the few surviving ancient Sanskrit Dharmasutras (law book) of Hinduism) in verse 6.23 lists discipline, austerity, self-control, liberality, truthfulness, purity, Vedic learning, compassion, erudition, intelligence and religious faith as characteristics of a Brahmin.
Comment: This means that the Brahmin is not by birth but by quality.
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The Gautama’s Dharmasutra, another oldest of surviving Hindu Dharmasutras, for example, states in the verse numbers 9.24–9.25 :
A [Brahmin] man who has performed the forty sacramental rites, but lacks eight virtues does not obtain union with or residence in the same world as Brahman (union with God). A man who may have performed just some rites, but possesses these eight virtues, on the other hand, does.
Be always truthful
Conduct himself as an Aryan
Teach his art only to virtuous men
Follow rules of ritual purification
Study Vedas with delight
Never hurt any living creature
Be gentle but steadfast
Have self-control
Be kind, liberal towards everyone
Comment: This means virtues are more important than rituals. Nishad is the caste if the father belongs to Brahman and mother belongs to Shudra. The Veda Vyas who is the compiler of whole Vedas and Mahabharatha is a member of this caste. Valmiki who wrote Raamayana comes under Scheduled Caste (Chuhra, or Bhanghi caste (whose traditional occupation is sweepers, cleaning latrines and handling dead bodies)). There are many such sages. This means caste system was flexible once upon a time. Later people made it rigid and made strict policies that even if a Shudra who is devoted to God and good at heart have to be reborn as Brahmin (because God finally controls each birth) in next life to eligible for all the respects a Brahmin deserves.
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Lord Krishna, in the Bhagavad Gita, the essence of al the Vedic scriptures, defines the Brahminical qualities as:
Peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty, knowledge, wisdom and religiousness—these are the natural qualities by which the brahmanas work. (BG 18.42)
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Mahabharat, Vana – parva, Chapter 180 tells about the conversation which Maharaj Yudhisthira had with Nahusha, the serpent, in the forest.
Maharaj Yudhisthira said, “A person who possesses truthfulness, charity, forgiveness, sobriety, gentleness, austerity, and lack of hatred is called a brahmana.”
The serpent again said, “Sudras also possess truthfulness, charity, freedom from anger, nonviolence, nonenviousness, and lack of hatred.”
Yudhisthira then replied, “If such symptoms are found in a sudra he should never be called a sudra, just as a brahmana is not a brahmana if he does not possess these qualities.”
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The word Aryan does not refer to a race or superior caste in Sanskrit texts, it means “NOBLE”. Its racial connotations was a Germanic invention to support their claim to be the original “Aryans”.
kṛ̱ṇvanto̱ viśva̱mārya̍m | (Rig Veda 9.63.5)
Means;- “Make the whole world Noble (āryam).” In other words make everyone noble through instructing them in universal values of goodness and wisdom.
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“There are no real differences among varnas. When Lord Brahma first created the universe, it was inhabited only by brahmanas (those who are pure at heart and devoted to God). Later on, as a result of their activities , people attained the designation of different varnas (castes).” Mahabharata (Santi – parva, Moksa – dharma, Chapter 188)
Reference:
“Bhrigu Maharshi said, ‘There is really no distinction between the different varnas(castes). The whole world at first consisted of Brahmanas. Created (equal) by Brahman (God), men have, in consequence of their acts, become distributed into different orders. They that became fond of indulging in desire and enjoying pleasures, possessed of the attributes of severity and wrath, endued with courage, and unmindful of the duties of piety and worship,–these Brahmanas possessing the attribute of Passion,–became Kshatriyas. Those Brahmanas again who, without attending to the duties laid down for them, became possessed of both the attributes of Goodness and Passion, and took to the professions of cattle-rearing and agriculture, became Vaisyas. Those Brahmanas again that became fond of untruth and injuring other creatures, possessed of cupidity,–engaged in all kinds of acts for a living, and fallen away from purity of behaviour, and thus wedded to the attribute of Darkness, became Sudras. Separated by these occupations, Brahmanas, falling away from their own order, became members of the other three orders.
https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b015.htm
Comment: Since Hinduism is both a religion as well as the civilization it talks about how the human race was then when the world was first created by God. This means all the people (of all castes) were belonging to the Brahmin caste (in other words they were very pure at heart) in Satya Yuga era (first age of the world cycle of ages in which whole of the humanity were righteous and devoid of wickedness) and caste system came much later. This means even the Shudras were Brahmins in the beginning which contradicts the Aryan Invasion theory.
You can cross check this from the history of the some of the SC and OBC castes. If you read the book called ‘Who Were the Shudras ?’ by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, you will find the same truth revealed by Ambedkar. Ambedkar theorizes Shudras were once ruling members of the Kshatriya class who oppressed Brahmin priests. Ambedkar belongs to Mahar caste. Mahars were responsible for maintaining “law and order” throughout the villages as an administrator initially. This means they were playing the role of Patil or kulkarni caste. Thus they were actually upper caste people. Historically Mahar had the role of defending village borders from outsiders, invading tribes and protecting villagers from criminals and thieves. Mahar also served in various armies over several centuries. The Maratha king Shivaji Maharaj had also recruited a number of them into his army in the 17th century due to their loyalty and bravery. The Mahar along with the Koli and Marathas defended the fort of Purandar from Dilirkhan’s Moghul army in 1665 . This shows that Mahar caste were originally upper caste people.
Apart from many traditional duties, the Mahar were assigned work of removing dead cows from the village. When the community people started eating flesh of cows that had died naturally, and the eating of beef formed the basis for the caste being treated as untouchables. The Mahar community defends consumption of beef by saying the famines were the reason they started eating the beef. Those who violated the principles of Hinduism were called as outcaste even if they were from Brahmin or upper caste community. The social system was so strict in those days. Even Valmikki was a Brahmin as per some sources and became outcaste later and involved in hunting job and joined Nishada caste.
Ram Nath Kovind is from Schedule Caste (Koli community). The Rulers Of The Jawhar State, Surgana State, Ramnagar State and Colaba State In Maharashtra Was Mahadev Koli and The Commanders Of Maratha Army Such As Yesaji Kank Who Was Commander-In-Chief Of Maratha Army Was Mahadev Koli. The Commanders Of Maratha Army Named Tanaji Malusare, Suryaji Malusare and Shellar Mama (Kondaji Ramji Shelar) Was Mahadev Koli. The Grand Admiral Of Maratha Army Named Kanhoji Angre Was Mahadev Koli and Lai Patil Who Was In Charge Of A Maratha Fleet Was A Son Koli Of Alibag. The Admiral Of Ahmadnagar Sultanate Named Ram Rao Patil Was A Koli. Thus, we can see that even this Schedule Caste was a Kshatriya caste once upon a time.
Idigas (toddy tapping caste who belongs to Tamilnadu, Andra and Karnataka) belongs to OBS and are not savarnas (good caste) and do not wear Janivar or sacred thread but in one of the Sanskrit text called “Brahmanotpatti Marthanda” there is legend relating to the origin of Idiga community. It is written that they were originally Brahmins/Kshatriyas. Check here: http://gurusreenarayana.blogspot.com/2012/06/history-of-arya-idiga-caste.html
Then there are kurubas ( sheep herding caste) who also do not wear Janivar but the kurubas have a separate category among themselves called kuruba nayakas who calls themselves as descends of Yadava (Lord Krishna caste). Just think how can a ST caste people call themselves as descends of Kshatriya caste (savarna)!!
There are many such proofs. The scriptures of Buddhism and Jainism (which are called as rival religions of Hinduism) identify who is a true Brahmin instead calling Brahmins as foreign people who invaded India. The Digha Nikaya (dīghanikāya; “Collection of Long Discourses”), the first of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka (which is the holy scripture) in Buddhism. Digha Nikaya provides a discussion between Gotama Buddha and a Hindu Brahmin named Sonadanda who was very learned in the Vedas. Gotama Buddha asks, “By how many qualities do Brahmins recognize another Brahmin? How would one declare truthfully and without falling into falsehood, “I am a Brahmin?” Sonadanda initially lists five qualities as, “he is of pure descent on both the mother’s and the father’s side, he is well versed in mantras, he is of fair color handsome and pleasing, he is virtuous learned and wise, and he is the first or second to hold the sacrificial ladle”. Buddha then asks the Brahmin, “If we omit one of these qualities you just listed, could not one be still a true Brahmin?” Sonadanda, one by one, eliminates fair colour and looks (racial identification of Brahmin is ignored first), then eliminates Varna (caste) in which one was born, and then eliminates the ability to recite mantra and do sacrifices as a requirement of being a Brahmin. Sonadanda asserts that just two qualities are necessary to truthfully and without falling into falsehood identify a Brahmin; these two qualities are “being virtuous and being learned and wise”. Sonadanda adds that it is impossible to reduce the requirement for being a Brahmin any further, because “for wisdom is purified by morality, and morality is purified by wisdom; where one is, the other is, the moral man has wisdom and the wise man has morality, and the combination of morality and wisdom is called the highest thing in the world”.
Ādi purāṇa, an 8th-century text of Jainism by Jinasena, is the earliest mention of Varna and Jati in Jainism literature. Jinasena does not trace the origin of Varna system to Rigveda or to Purusha Sukta, instead traces varna to the Bharata legend. According to this legend, Bharata performed an “ahimsa-test” (test of non-violence), and those members of his community who refused to harm or hurt any living being were called as the priestly varna in ancient India, and Bharata called them dvija, twice born. Jinasena states that those who are committed to ahimsa are deva-Brāhmaṇas, divine Brahmins.
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People say that Hindu scriptures are written by Brahmins themselves to uphold their race as superior caste to exercise power over the dalits. But there are many statements in the scriptures themselves which contradict this fact. How can someone defame their own community or race in the following statements if they just wrote it for malicious purpose?:
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Srimad-Bhgavatha Purana verse number 12.2.3:
dampatye ’bhirucir hetur
mayaiva vyavaharike
stritve pumstve ca hi ratir
vipratve sutram eva hi
Translation:
Men and women will live together merely because of superficial attraction, and success in business will depend on deceit. Womanliness and manliness will be judged according to one’s expertise in sex, and a man will be known as a brahmana just by his wearing a thread.
Comment: Just by external rituals like wearing a thread, one does not become brahmin or Dwija (means twice born due to the study of true knowledge and good behavior).
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Varaha purana goes a step further and states following:
raksasah kalim asritya
jayante brahma-yonisu
utpanna brahmana-kule
badhante srotriyan krsan
“Those who were raksasas (demons) in previous ages, have taken birth as brahmanas in Kali-yuga to torment the physically weak saintly persons who are engaged in the culture of hearing about the Lord.”
Comment: This verse was spoken by Lord Siva in the Varaha Purana as per the information available!! This is also a proof why some of the Brahmins tortured the dalit caste devotees. Some people refer to how the Brahmins were treating the SC caste people and compare it with the Genocide of Kashmiri Pandit Community in Kashmir. I do not think we can compare both. I agree that some Brahmins were treating the SC caste people as inferior just like terrorists in Kashmir and torturing but we cannot compare both. There are no reports that the population of the SC caste people has gone down in India. In fact, the population of the Brahmins is very less when compared to the population of the SC and other caste people in India. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, According to 2007 reports, Brahmins in India are just about five percent of its total population. As of 2019, Other Backward Class (OBC) constituted the largest part of the Indian population accounting for more than 40 percent.
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sudram va bhagavad-bhaktam
nisadam sva-pacam tatha
viksate jati-samanyat
sa yati narakam dhruvam
“One who considers a devotee of the Supreme Personality of Godhead who was born in a family of sudras, nisadas (hunter) or candalas (dog eater) to belong to that particular caste certainly goes to hell.” (Padma Purana)
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na sudra bhagavad-bhaktas
te tu bhagavata matah
sarva-varnesu te sudra
ye na bhakta janardane
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“A devotee should never be considered a sudra. All the devotees of the Supreme Personality of Godhead should be recognized as bhagavatas. If one is not a devotee of Lord Krsna, however, even if born of a brahmana, ksatriya or vaisya family, he should be considered a sudra.” (Padma Purana)
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Now let me explain why the caste system based on birth was created in the first place and indepth analysis of this social system. Normally a religion serves the purpose of purification of souls and elevates it gradually to the level of higher consciousness to get moksha (relief from this material world). The so-called caste system is also like a stepping stone for the souls to purify itself in each birth in other Yugas where the Yuga dharma and worldly environment was different. It is not relevant in this Yuga for certain reasons. Let us understand how the so called swa-dharma fulfills that purpose. You have to read the whole post to understand it clearly. The Chandogya Upanishad Ch 5 sec 10 sh 7 confirms it:
Among them, those who did good work in this world [in their past life] attain a good birth accordingly. They are born as a brāhmin, a kṣatriya, or a vaiśya. But those who did bad work in this world [in their past life] attain a bad birth accordingly, being born as a dog, a pig, or as a casteless person.
The caste system of Sanathana religion was actually called swa-dharma. It means duty( dharama) according to one’s swabhava(nature). There are 2 types of dharmas according to Vedic system: Samanya (Normal) and vishesha(Special) dharma.
Samanya dharma is common to all. It includes being truthful to oneself, kind and courteous to all beings, etc. Vishesha dharma is what differs and it is also called swa-dharma. Vedic scriptures have explained to us that our actions must match our energy-nature, our prakriti. Our actions, including our livelihood, must be consistent with our state of consciousness, our swabhava. Our swadharma, the mode of life and duty that is natural to us, is based on our karma (deeds of previous lives) and samskaras (impressions of our mind of previous lives).
According to the Sanathana religion, the 3 types of natures of the human being are: mode of goodness, mode of passion and mode of ignorance. Hence, the class of people who are completely in mode of goodness or sattva-guna are considered as intellectual class since their mind is not biased towards bad things. To get the birth of brahmana, it is said that one has to evolve in several Yonis (other castes), purify his/her mind thoroughly and then take birth in brahmin family. This elevation process was taking place nicely in other Yugas (though not in Kaliyuga). That is why people from the Brahmana caste were selected as ministers or priests in the king’s court in olden times.
Although everyone knows that human life on the earth is temporary each one will take it in a different way. Some may take it in a rightful way and some may take in an incorrect way. Some may get involved in substandard deeds by giving excuses that we have to enjoy this temporary life. Some other may involve in good deeds and avoid substandard deeds thinking that life on this earth is not permanent so should be careful about it. So finally even if everyone knows some part of the philosophy of this life, each one behaves differently. So the title brahmana means one who has the purified himself to understand about God and brahmanda (universe) in the rightful way (यथार्थ ज्ञान) or who has gained the brahma gyana (absolute knowledge about the universe and God). So it is not a general term of a community. Each person in a community is also at different level of purification.
Secondly, the class of people who are in the mode of goodness and passion (rajo guna) are considered to be belonging to the administrative class(kshathriya). To get the birth in a royal family, he/she has to evolve in several previous castes, purify his mind and then reach that stage. That is why they were kings or warriors because the rulers and warriors have to be very active and brave. They must not only be courteous towards their citizens (mode of goodness) but also should have the courage to punish the culprits (mode of passion) without showing any kindness. This kind of maturity a king must have. If a king loves even the criminals like a saint, then the society will not be peaceful. This royal caste or royal blood philosophy was present in all the civilizations around the world from where the religion started. Thus, the Sanathana religion’s swadharma was present all over the world in some way or the other.
The third class of people is a businessman (vaishya) who are still in mode of passion and goodness but still need some time to purify their consciousness. They had to do business honestly and grow beyond the passion of making money. The last class of people (tamo guna) are ones who are driven by immoral thoughts or who do not have control over their mind to decide what is right or wrong or lazy people. They are the worker class(called as sudras). They were not given the highest position because they can misuse the powers. For example, the knowledge about making the bombs/guns are misused by by some people by killing innocent people. This is because they are in the mode of ignorance. By working as slave and doing manual work, their ego will die and they would gradually rise above the mode of ignorance and would be getting the higher posts in the future or same life.
If a person does the duty of vaishya dharma (social duties) properly he will be elevated to kshatriya caste after several births or next life. Similarly, those who do the duty of kshatriya dharma properly will be elevated to brahmana dharma after several births or next life and so on. In shudra class, a soul have to drop the ego and control the mind, in vaishya class the soul have to win the lust for money and material things, in shatriya class the soul have to win the lust for power and in brahmana class the soul have to win everything and surrender himself to God. This is the ladder of elevation. From this it is clear that the social system worked as a purification process for human beings. The social responsibility and religious responsibility were well interlinked in this system. Thus, this served 2 purposes.
In the Satya, Dwapara and Treta yugas, it is said that God was helping us to establish good governance in the society. You may ask how God was helping us. The four divisions of human beings were originally done by God to divide the people according to their quality, perhaps to avoid wasting of time or confusion in selecting the right candidate for different positions in society. God means one who has full control over this universe. So obviously God used to fully control the births of the people in previous yugas and decide who has to take birth in which family. We all say that God is omnipotent but we cannot admit this simple truth. In the previous yugas, only a pure man or woman, when his punya [karmic merit] becomes exhausted, descends from heaven to earth (he was in earth before and had went to temporary heaven (swarga) and enjoyed it for huge number of years) and is born in kshathriya (administrative class of people) lineage and such man was selected as a king. Such a person was considered indeed demigod as a portion of God’s glory (having avesha) would imbibe in the body of those persons. Because Lord Vishnu entered the body of that monarch and helped the citizens to give good governance, kings were praised in most of the civilizations. Hence we can see God’s responsibility for the welfare of the world or society. According to the ancient stories in Hebrews and Abrahamic religions, the world that the Noah’s descendants were born into was very different from the one that that existed in pre-flood times, when gods (demigods), giants, fairies and other creatures were said to share the planet with humans. In Bible, you can read about how before the flood people had longer lives but then after the flood shorter lives. We see the same thing in Mesopotamian tradition (referred to as the cradle of civilization because it is the first place where complex urban centers grew) with the Sumerian king list where before the flood we have kings that rules Mesopotamian with extraordinary long lives. After the flood, the lengths of the reigns of these kings became much shorter. Man used to interact with gods before the flood started. In Hindu scriptures also, it is told that gods (demigods or angels) used to take birth in royal families in other Yugas (not in present Kaliyuga) and rule the earth. In Mahabharata, you can find Kunti devi invoking Vayu dev (a demigod who is in charge of the wind of this universe as well as the vital air in our body) through mantras and begetting a child. The Bhima sena was born from Vayu dev who had the strength of ten thousand elephants which is insane for humans to imagine in Kaliyuga but it was true because he was a demigod.
If this division of human beings are not done properly in a society (it was taking place at the birth itself during other Yugas), there will be no peace, prosperity as well as spiritual progress of individuals. That is why the Sanskrit word ‘dharma’ is derived from the root ‘dhr-dharane’ or that which upholds or sustains and it is meant for the stability of the world.
The form of government that is the oldest, most prevalent down through the ages, and most widely found around the globe is that of the divine monarchy. These were found in India, China, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Babylonia, Mesopotamia, Sumer, Ur, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Sudan, in ancient Greece, as well as in Scandinavia and Celtic Europe. In all these civilizations the king was spoken of as divine representatives. That is because the caste system (in purest form) was present in almost all civilizations in other Yugas. That is why we can see great kings like shibi, Satya harishchandra in earlier yugas. There are also instances of sudra (based on guna) getting purified in the same life and getting all the respect. For example, Sage Valmikki who came from a outcaste family has written a historical book ramayana and it is accepted as a holy book when valmikki was alive. Also, the Vidura, who is the son of a maid-servant, has served as minister of Hastinapura. In Mahabharata, Krishna has even declined the gorgeous feast of Duryodhana, who came from kshatriya clan and went straight to the hut of Vidura who was born from Sudra mother. Vidura had nothing to offer Krishna except some plantain fruits.
However, this caste system is distorted in Kaliyuga. Hence, determining the quality of a human cannot be determined merely from birth or caste in this yuga. The entire system has also collapsed because the caste system is no longer formulated as per the inherent guNas in an individual. It is now a caste system based on the individual’s birth. Even now, if an individual objectively examines his nature, he will come to know of his real dharma (duty that purifies oneself).
In the beginning of satya yuga, there was actually no such caste system. Because all the people were thinking good about others and were pure in heart. As slowly some people started to think ‘out of the box’ of standard ethics there was a need to divide the people according to their nature.
In the Bhagavad Gita 3.33 Lord has said: “Even a man of knowledge acts according to his own nature, for everyone follows the nature he has acquired from the three modes”. Thus, from this sloka it is clear that even if we educate a person who is in the mode of ignorance he will still act according to his nature. Even if his intellect says that it is wrong to do the misdeeds, he will still do it because of the impulse of the sense organs. Even a tamo guna person learns law and takes a big post, his mind will still take bribes.
The 3 natures (gunas) explained before are found in ‘varying degrees’ in all individuals, be they Indian, American or British. So God made a broader classification of the individuals. The natures present in individuals fall under the various people in the order of predominance as follows:
BrAhmaNa: sattva–>rajas (first preference of sattva guna and then rajas)
kShatriya – rajas–>sattva–>tamas
vaishya – rajas–>tamas–>sattva
shUdra – tamas
In order to summarize, there were 2 type of viewpoints in Hinduism. That is why we find lot of difference of opinions about caste system in scriptures: some saying that it must be supported and some say that it is not required to be supported strictly. Some of the law makers like Vaivasvata Manu believed that caste system should be very strict as God was having full control over in which family each soul have to take birth (in previous Yugas). Even if a person of lower caste is having all the good qualities of Brahmin, the law makers used to consider that such souls have to wait for his next birth where God assigns him the deserving family. Thus, they were not socially accepted as Brahmin in other Yugas. On the other hand, there were law makers who were very lenient and they believed that certain souls due to some bad karma does not get chance to take birth in Brahmin family but his/her jeeva swabhaava (inert quality) is of Brahmin. Thus, even if one sees qualities of Brahmin in Shudra, their viewpoint is that we have to respect him. The inter-caste marriage was forbidden in other Yugas because people were very strict by nature in other Yugas. They were not experimental. They used to follow the ethics and rules as it is with the thought that the life on the earth is a test and the results we get after this human life is more important than when we are living in this earth. That is why you see stories in Puranas where people used to punish themselves (Gora Kumbhar from Maharaastra cutting his own hand for atonement of his mistake) if they violated any rule and even go to extremes to fulfill the promises (Shibi Raja cutting flesh of his own thighs to full promise he had given to pigeon). They used to consider that only the jeevas (couples here) who have been properly purified in many lives and taken birth in Brahmana and other upper caste families should marry each other. That is why Parashara Smriti says this:
- ” In conformity to the character of the age, the rules of law (suitable) for men differ from age to age. The rules for the Krita differ from the Treta rules ; the Dvapara laws are not identical with the Kali rules.
- ” In the Krita sin is incurred by one who converses (with a sinner) ; in the Treta by one who touches (the sinful man) ; in the Dvapara by taking the sinner’s food ; in the Kali by a (sinful) act (alone).
Reference :
https://www.stephen-knapp.com/purpose_of_government_according_to_mahabharata.htm
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